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Laparoscopic Abdominal Surgery
Laparoscopic hernia surgery gurgaon india | Laparoscopic hernia sugery india | Laparoscopy surgery india | Minimally invasive surgery
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Obesity surgery in india, obesity surgery india, pharmacotherapy india, radiation therapy surgery india, roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery india
 
Laparoscopic hernia surgery gurgaon india | Laparoscopic hernia sugery india | Laparoscopy surgery india | Minimally invasive surgery
Obesity surgery in india, obesity surgery india, pharmacotherapy india, radiation therapy surgery india, roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery india
Laparoscopic hernia surgery gurgaon india | Laparoscopic hernia sugery india | Laparoscopy surgery india | Minimally invasive surgery

GALL BLADDER STONE
WHAT IS A GALL BLADDER?
Gall Bladder is a small pear-shaped organ that is about three to six inches in length. It is found below the liver. Its function is to store and concentrate bile, a greenish brown fluid which is produced in the liver.
 
WHAT IS BILE?
Bile is a liquid produced by the liver which helps the body to digest fat. Bile is made in the liver, and then stored in the gallbladder until the body needs to digest fat. During that time, the gallbladder contracts and pushes the bile into a tube called the common bile duct (CBD) that carries it to the small intestine, where it helps with digestion.
 
WHAT ARE GALLSTONES?
Gallstones are formed when bile stored in the gallbladder hardens into pieces of stone-like material. They may vary in number and size. Gallstones can block the normal flow of bile if they get collected in any of the ducts and carry bile from the liver to the small intestine.
 
WHAT ARE THE CAUSES OF GALLSTONES?
Although gallstones are a very common medical problem, we know very little aout why some people develop them and some do not. However there are few people who are at a greater risk of developing gallstones.
- Age people over 60 years of age are more likely to
  develop gallstones than younger people.
- Gender: women between 20 and 60 years of age are twice as
  likely to develop gallstones as men.
- Obesity is a major risk factor for gallstones especially in women.
- Excess estrogen: women on birth control pills, hormone
  replacement treatment etc.
- Cholesterol-lowering drugs.
- Diabetes: People with diabetes generally have high levels of fatty
  acids called triglycerides. These fatty acids increase the risk of
  gallstones.
- Prolonged Fasting.
- Rapid weight loss.
 
WHO IS AT RISK FOR GALL STONES?
Women are more at risk than men. Overweight individuals and people who fast or lose a lot of weight quickly can also develop gall stones. Also pregnant women, women on hormone treatment, and birth control pills for prolonged period can be at risk for gall stones.
 
WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS?
Symptoms of gallstones are sudden and severe attacks of abdominal pain often called a gallstone attack.
 
A TYPICAL ATTACK CAN CAUSE:
- Steady pain in the upper abdomen that increases rapidly and lasts
  from few minutes to several hours.
- Pain in the back between the shoulder blades.
- Pain under the right shoulder.
- Nausea of vomiting.

Other gallstones symptoms include:
- Gas formation (bloating of abdomen).
- Persistent intolerance to fatty foods.
- Belching.
- Indigestion.
 
People who also have the above and any of following symptoms should see a doctor right away:
- Chills.
- Low-grade fever.
- Yellowish color of the skin or whites of the eyes.
- Clay-colored stoods.
 
WHAT ARE “SILENT STONES”
Many people with gallstones show no symptoms. These patients are said to be asymptomatic, and these stones are called silent stones Treatment for these stones is detectable.
 
WHAT ARE THE COMPLICATIONS OF THESE STONES?
- Obstruction of the common bile duct causing jaundice.
- Inflammation (swelling and painful condition) or infection of the
  gallbladder (acute cholecystitis).
- Inflammation or infection of the liver (cholangitis), which can occur
  when gallstones enter the common bile duct. Through not common,
  this can lead to the death of tissue.
- Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis).
- Severe infection with pus filling the gallbladder (empyema).
- An abnormal connection (fistula) between the gallbladder and small
  intestine.
- A hole in the gallbladder (perforation).
- Gallbladder cancer (I in 1,000 per year in people with gallstones).
 
HOW ARE GALLSTONES FOUND AND TREATED?
Ultrasound is most commonly used to find gallstones. In a few complex cases. Other X-ray tests may be used to evaluate gallbladder disease. Gallstones do not go away on their own. Some can be temporarily managed with drugs or by making dietary adjustments, such as reducing fat intake. This treatment has a low, short-term success rate. Symptoms will eventually continue unless the gallbladder is removed. Surgical removal of the gallbladder is the safest treatment for gallbladder disease.

While watching the monitor, the surgeon uses the instruments to carefully separate the gallbladder from the liver, ducts and other structures. Then the cystic duct is cut and the gallbladder removed through one of the small incisions.

Because the abdominal muscles are not cut during laparoscopic surgery, patients have less pain and fewer complications than they would have had after surgery using a large incision Because the abdominal muscles are not cut during laparoscopic surgery, patients have less pain and fewer complications than they would have had after surgery using a large incision across the abdomen. Recovery usually involves only one night in the hospital, followed by several days of restricted activity at home.

If the surgeon discovers any obstacles to the laparoscopic procedure such as infection or scarring from other operations, the operating team may have to switch to open surgery. In some cases the obstacles are known before surgery, and an open surgery is planned, It is called open surgery because the surgeon has to make a 5 to Binch incision in the abdomen to remove the gallbladder. This is a major surgery and may require about a 2 to 7 days stay in the hospital and several more weeks at home to recover. Open surgery is required in about 5 percent of gallbladder operations.
 
WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF PERFORMING THE PROCEDURES LAPAROSCOPICALLY?
- Rather than a five to seven inch incision, the operation requires only
  four small openings in the abdomen.
- Patients usually have minimal post-operatic pain.
- Patients usually experience faster recovery than open gallbladder
  surgery patients.
- It can be performed as a day care procedure. Most patients go
  home within one day and enjoy a quicker return to normal activities.
 
WHAT IS EXPECTED AFTER GALLBLADDER SURGERY?
Gallbladder removal is a major abdominal operation with a certain amount of postoperative pain. Nausea and vomiting are not uncommon. Once liquids or a diet is tolerated, patients leave the hospital the same day or day following the laparoscopic gallbladder surgery. Activity is dependent on how the patient feels. Walking is encouraged. Patients can remove the dressing and take a shower a day after the operation. Patient will probably be able to return to normal activities.

The gall bladder is an organ that people can live without. A change in the diet is also not required. After the gall bladder is removed surgically, bile flows out of the river through the hepatic ducts into the common bile duct and directly into the small intestine instead of being stored in the gall bladder.
 
Points to remember
- Gallstones from when substances in the bile harden.
- Gallstones are more common among older adults women, and
  people who are overweight.
- Gallstone attacks often occur after eating a meal.
- Symptoms can mimic those of other problems, including heart
  attack, so accurate diagnosis is important.
- Gallstones can causes serious problems if they become trapped in
  the bile ducts.
- Laparoscopic surgery to remove the gallbladder is the most
  common treatment.
 
WHAT PREPARATION IS REQUIRED AFTER ADMISSION FOR SURGERY?
Preoperative preparation includes blood work medical evaluation, chest X-ray and EKG depending on your age and medical condition. The surgeon reviews with the patient the potential risks and benefits of the operation. The patient will have to provide written consent for surgery. The surgeon may request that the patient completely empties colon and cleanse intestines prior to surgery. The patient may be requested to drink clear liquids, only for one or several days prior to surgery.

It is recommended that the patient takes a shower the night before or morning of the operation. After midnight the night before the operation the patient should not eat or drink anything except medications that the surgeon has permitted to take with a sip of water the morning of surgery. Drugs such as aspirin, blood thinners, anti-inflammatory medications )arthritis medications) and vitamin E will need to be stopped temporarily for several days to a week prior to surgery.
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